Food processing & Slaughter houses) – Methane, C02, Water, Hydrogen Sulfide, Hydrogen, Carbon Monoxide

Organic industrial waste and food waste can be digested in aerobic conditions in reactor tanks and fermentation towers. The output from this process is called biogas. Biogas includes methane, carbon dioxide, and a mixture of other gases. Thermal flowmeters are used to measure gas flow at multiple points along the way, providing optimal production, control and reporting" (Flow Control Magazine, March 2009, Vol. XV, No. 3, p. 22).

The flow measurement of digester gas is critical to waste water treatment plant operations. Typical plants have multiple digesters that need constant monitoring" (FCI – TMFM, Digester gas flow monitoring).

What: "Biogas is produced when organic matter, such as sewage, manure or vegetable matter, decomposes in the absence of oxygen. This may take place in a landfill site or in an anaerobic digester to produce biogas. The biogas mixture is typically 70% methane and 30% carbon dioxide" (TMFM – FOX, THERMAL FLOW METERS IMPROVE BIOGAS MONITORING).

What: "Decomposition of livestock waste and other agricultural operations are a major source of methane rich biogas being harvested as fuel gas. Rather than emit greenhouse gases into the environment, modern farm operations invest in a digester system to recover gases and reduce emissions. Recovered gases are used to fuel co-generation engines to power the facility, and often excess power is sold to the local electric power grid" (TMFM – FCI, ON-FARM METHANE, BIOGAS RECOVERY SYSTEMS).

What: "The output from this biomass digestion process is biogas, a mixture of methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), water and trace hydrogen sulfide (H2S). The entire process involves gas creation, cleansing, storage (tank or bag-type accumulator), and ultimately the use of biogas as a fuel source for heating or generating electricity. A ground flare is an integral part of the safety system for the process. Measuring biogas flow at several points in the system provides operators with critical information for optimal gas production, control, safety and reporting" (TMFM – FCI, BIOGAS – ORGANIC BIOMASS FERMENTATION & RECOVERY).

What: "Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) digester processes produce digester gas, a combination of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) with a small percentage of other trace gases. The gas composition can vary with the process and temperature (e.g. seasonally) but a typical average is in the 65% (±5%) CH4 35% (±5%) CO2 range. Digester gas is also a wet and dirty gas, typically containing entrained hydrogen sulfides, which condense and deposit on pipe walls and anything else in the pipe" (TMFM – FCI, WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT DIGESTER GAS).

Why: "The use of compressed air is necessary to promote optimal bacteria growth in aeration basins. Closely controlling the aeration process can reduce energy consumption by as much as 25%, and accurate measurement is critical to achieving this goal. Monitoring Digester or Bio Gas is equally important. The primary objective is to achieve an overall system balance. A secondary objective is to monitor the excess gas (waste gas) that is used as a fuel to power onsite generators and pumps, or to create energy for a more widespread power grid. In addition, monitoring is often a requirement of local, state, and Federal environmental guidelines" (TMFM – ELDRIDGE, W&WWT).

Why: "Modern WWTP processes incorporate digester gas flow measurement for: Data on digester process performance and control, Compliance with environmental regulations to report, control and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, Data for greenhouse gas reduction or carbon credits, Process control of co-generation systems using digester gas as fuel source" (TMFM – FCI, WWT DIGESTER PLANT)

Why: "Farmers are also capturing methane from anaerobic digesters and monetizing the resulting carbon credits through greenhouse gas emissions allowance trading systems" (Fox – TMFM, Improve Biogas Monitoring).

Why: Clean energy development credits (CDM) and certified emission reduction (CER) programs offer additional incentives to implement recovery systems. In all biogas recovery systems, measuring flow rate is required to ensure effective and efficient operation of the digester process as well as providing tangible evidence of saved emissions in order to receive credits and incentives" (TMFM – FCI, On-Farm Methane Biogas Recovery Systems).

Typical Applications: "Organic industrial waste from food processing and slaughterhouses, food waste from restaurants and homes, manure collected from livestock, as well as energy crops can be digested in anaerobic conditions in reactor tanks, also called fermentation towers" (TMFM – FCI, BIOGAS – ORGANIC BIOMASS FERMENTATION & RECOVERY).

Typical Applications: "Modern WWTP processes incorporate digester gas flow measurement for: Data on digester process performance and control, Compliance with environmental regulations to report, control and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, Data for greenhouse gas reduction or carbon credits, Process control of co-generation systems using digester gas as fuel source" (TMFM – FCI, WWT PLANT DIGESTER GAS).

Typical Applications: (e.g. Agricultural, Anaerobic, Livestock Manure, Water & Wastewater Treatment, CCX Credits, Kyoto Accord, Municipal)

Air & Fuel

"Ethanol production is a complex process involving both fermentation tanks and distillation tanks. Thermal flowmeters measure the flow of air and fuel going into the distillation tanks, and the CO2 leaving the fermentation tanks" (Flow Control Magazine, March 2009, Vol. XV, No. 3, p. 22).

Methane, CO2, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Ozone, Chlorine, Other Gases

What: "Landfills produce carbon dioxide, methane and a mixture of other gases. These gases are measured as they leave the landfills, extracted from different wellheads, and collected to a common header pipe. The collected gases are disposed of or recovered as a fuel source" (Flow Control Magazine, March 2009, Vol. XV, No. 3, p. 22).

What: "Landfill gas or "LFG", which is generated from the biodegradation of municipal solid waste, is an abundant source of renewable energy. The gas is typically about half methane and half carbon dioxide and can be used to replace traditional fossil fuels to heat buildings, boilers and kilns, run generators to make electricity, and even produce LNG fuel to power vehicles such as garbage collection trucks and city buses. A typical municipal landfill can produce enough energy from landfill gas to power 4,000 homes for as long as 20 years" (QED's Landfill…)

What: "Landfills produce a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide with traces of nitrogen, oxygen and other gases. These gases are extracted from multiple wellheads and collected through a network of pipes to a common header pipe. Typical systems also involve blowers, pumps, knock-out pots and a flare or oxidizer. The collected "greenhouse gas" may be disposed of or recovered as a fuel source for a co-generation engine to produce electric power" (TMFM – FCI, GREEN ENERGY APPLICATIONS GUIDE).

Why: "An accurate measurement of the landfill gas flow through the system provides operators with information on the amount of gas being extracted for optimizing effectiveness, for reporting to environmental agencies and for carbon credit programs" (TMFM – FCI, GREEN ENERGY APPLICATIONS GUIDE).

Why: "Flow measurements taken at gas wells are used to determine well performance over time and to identify issues that might reduce gas collection rates, such as liquid accumulation in the well" (QED's Landfill…)

Why: "The EPA requires landfill operators to collect the methane produced on site, and where it is not being used for energy production, it must be flared to prevent its release" (TMFM – FOX, LANDFILL DIGESTER GAS RECOVERY).

Why: "Over 1,200 landfills worldwide collect landfill gas which reduces greenhouse gas emissions and accrues emissions credits to meet the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) reporting standards" (TMFM – SIERRA, OTHER SOLUTIONS FOR CLEAN ENERGY APPLICATIONS).

Why: "Many also use this captured biogas as a clean energy source in the cogeneration process" (TMFM – SIERRA, OTHER SOLUTIONS FOR CLEAN ENERGY APPLICATIONS).

Typical Applications: Municipal solid waste, Industrial, landfill gas to energy facilities, wellheads, soil gas monitoring, near surface gas monitoring, emissions monitoring, ambient air monitoring and facility air monitoring

Typical Applications: "Landfill Gas to Energy (LFGTE) facilities typically extract gases from multiple wellheads, which are connected to a common header pipe, and then recovered for a variety of uses, including: Fueling on-site engines or turbines, Generating electricity for surrounding homes and businesses, Conversion to Liquid Natural Gas, a clean vehicle fuel" (TMFM – FOX, LANDFILL DIGESTER GAS RECOVERY).

Typical Applications: "Accurate flow monitoring is essential for gathering system-wide information on the amount of gas being extracted, flared or recovered. Some of the measurement challenges in the LFG environment are changing gas compositions, varying flow rates caused by seasonal temperature changes, and wet, dirty and potentially flammable gases" (TMFM – FOX, LANDFILL DIGESTER GAS RECOVERY).

(e.g. oxygen/ozone, aeration basins, sludge incinerators, anaerobic digester gas) – compressed air, digester gas (methane & CO2), biogas, O2/ozone, chlorine gas

Why: "The treatment of water and wastewater is a critical element of municipal responsibility. Increased public and private awareness of water quality, availability, and cost is a driving force behind the demands for better efficiency and economy in these processes" (TMFM – ELDRIDGE, W&WWT).

"Modern WWTP processes incorporate digester gas flow measurement for: Data on digester process performance and control, Compliance with environmental regulations to report, control and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, Data for greenhouse gas reduction or carbon credits, Process control of co-generation systems using digester gas as fuel source" (FCI - TMFM, WWTP Digester Gas).

"The use of compressed air is necessary to promote optimal bacteria growth in aeration basins. Closely controlling the aeration process can reduce energy consumption by as much as 25%, and accurate measurement is critical to achieving this goal" (Eldridge - TMFM,W&WWT)

"Advanced water treatment plants are using ozone and activated carbon filters to reduce chlorine requirements in order to improve the taste and appearance of the water they produce. On-site generation of ozone can become a significant operating expense; thereby making its measurement and control an important requirement to efficient operation of the plant." (FCI - TMFM, Oxygen/Ozone Flowmonitoring).

Typical Applications: "Municipal water districts and waste water treatment facilities use chlorine to disinfect water. Proper, real-time control of chlorine dosage is critical to ensure smooth operation" (FCI – TMFM, Chlorine Gas Flow Monitoring).

Water & Wastewater Treatment, Continuous Emissions Monitoring, Cogeneration, On Farm-Methane recovery systems, Organic wastes, Agricultural/Livestock digesters

What: "Biogas is produced when organic matter, such as sewage, manure or vegetable matter, decomposes in the absence of oxygen. This may take place in a landfill site or in an anaerobic digester to produce biogas. The biogas mixture is typically 70% methane and 30% carbon dioxide" (Fox website, Applications, Biogas).

Combination of: Methane, C02, & other gases? – digester tanks, water & wastewater treatment, utility services, continuous emissions monitoring, CCX Credits, Kyoto Accord, Municipal

In reference to WWT, "Digester gas is also a wet and dirty gas, typically containing entrained hydrogen sulfides, which condense and deposit on pipe walls and anything else in the pipe" (FCI – TMFM, WWT Plant Digester Gas).

In reference to WWT, "Process control of co-generation systems using digester gas as fuel source" (FCI – TMFM, WWT Plant Digester Gas).

Typical Application: A popular use of digester gas converts wastewater treatment gas into electricity – cogeneration.

landfills, oil wells, gas wells, rigs, refineries, flare stacks, natural gas plants, chemical plants, continuous emissions monitoring, leak detection, combustion process, petrochemical

"Flare stacks are used to burn waste gases from the plant, converting chemical and organic hydrocarbons into primarily water vapor and CO2. Some processes also use relief valves to vent flammable gases to the flare stack during upset conditions" (Fox website, Applications, Flare Gas).